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What is vasculitis?

Vasculitis is a medical term for inflammation of blood vessels. It can be caused by infection, drugs and associated with malignancy. But in the UK, it is most commonly an auto-immune disease, i.e. the body’s immune system attacks blood vessels causing inflammation, rupture of the blood vessels and resulting organ damage.

The names of some of the various types of vasculitis depends on the size of the blood vessel that is inflamed. Kidneys are often affected by small vessel vasculitis including the two subtypes, microscopic polyarteritis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA – formerly known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis)

What causes vasculitis?

In the UK, it is most commonly caused by the immune system malfunctioning. That is, the white blood cells and antibodies (natural defences) you have to fight off infection are damaging your own body by mistake. The body’s defences against infection are very powerful and many diseases are due to their overactivity such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes in young people.

Vasculitis is different from these other diseases because blood vessels, in particular are damaged. Doctors do not understand fully why this happens and the condition is quite rare. Vasculitis with kidney involvement affects 20-30 people per million population per year.

The trigger that starts vasculitis varies from person to person. Sometimes it is a ‘flu-like infection’ or a bacterial infection, sometimes it appears to be an operation and psychological stress – but often, we don’t know what the trigger is. The condition is commoner in spring and autumn than in the summer, and is commoner in older people.

What are the symptoms?

These are very variable. Often the only symptom is a feeling of tiredness and general ill health. Blood vessels in all parts of the body can be affected; here are some of the commoner symptoms:-

Kidneys: This is a serious condition and when it is suspected doctors would normally recommend a kidney biopsy test to confirm the diagnosis and to help plan treatment.

Skin: small blood vessels in the skin can become damaged by vasculitis, causing them to burst, causing a rash with small red blotches. This is most commonly seen on the lower legs.

Joints: inflammation around the joints can cause swelling, pain and stiffness.

Nose: the inside of the nose is often affected by vasculitis, so there can be nosebleeds, as well as large crusts. When the nose is affected, the ears and sinuses are often congested too. These symptoms may occur for some time before the kidneys are affected.

Lungs: bleeding can occur inside the lungs in vasculitis. If you cough up blood, it is important that you are seen and treated urgently.

Other parts of the body: we see almost every part of the body affected in some cases of vasculitis. It can rarely cause stroke, heart attack or damage to the bowel. Fortunately, once treatment has been started, it is unusual for such problems to start.

How is vasculitis diagnosed?

How is vasculitis diagnosed?

Vasculitis should be suspected in anyone with a severe, recent onset kidney disease where a urine test shows traces of blood and protein in the urine. If someone has a typical rash on the skin it may be easy to diagnose, but in many cases the diagnosis is delayed because the symptoms of tiredness, and perhaps shortness of breath, may occur in several different conditions which are commoner than vasculitis.

If vasculitis is suspected, blood tests will be performed. The most important is called ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies). ANCA are antibodies against white blood cells and under certain conditions they stimulate white blood cells to damage the kidneys. The ANCA test is very useful in diagnosing vasculitis and in many cases the level of ANCA can be used to monitor someone’s progress. There are two types of ANCA - MPO and PR3. If you have vasculitis and one of these is positive, it will be will be monitored so you might like to ask what the level is at clinic visits. If the level is rising, that can increase the risk of a relapse, so you may need more frequent monitoring – but if the ANCA has disappeared, the risk of a relapse is reduced. However, some people have active vasculitis with no ANCA in the blood.

It is often necessary to look at a piece of kidney under the microscope to confirm whether vasculitis is present. This is removed with a needle, and the test is called a Kidney biopsy.

What is the treatment?

Vasculitis usually responds very well to treatment. A combination of steroids (prednisolone) and cyclophosphamide or rituximab is  used when vital organs such as the kidney are affected. These are both powerful drugs that reduce the activity of the immune system, reducing the activity of vasculitis. High doses of these drugs are normally given for the first 3-6 months after which doses are reduced to maintenance levels.

These drugs can cause serious side effects and very careful monitoring is required for the sake of safety. The main side effect is infection. There is a risk of severe urine infection or pneumonia during the first few months of treatment and any fevers or possible infection should be reported urgently to your doctor.

Once the drug doses have been reduced to maintenance levels, usually about 3 months after starting treatment, careful monitoring is required to check that side effects of the drugs do not develop, but also to see if vasculitis comes back (a relapse). An early relapse may be picked up on routine blood tests, but it may also cause some symptoms - usually those that occurred during the early stages of the disease, before treatment was started. If someone suspects a relapse, they should get in touch with their doctor urgently. Some treatment is needed for at least 2 years and in many cases for the rest of your life.

The drugs used  to treat vasculitis are steroids (prednisolone), cyclophosphamide, and many people are switched from cyclophosphamide to a milder drug called azathioprine after 3-6 months. In some people mycophenolate mofetil is used instead, particularly when azathioprine leads to side effects. Rituximab works on a specific group of white cells and is given as a course of injections.  Rituximab has been shown to be more effective than cyclophosphamide in relapsing disease. Sometimes both cyclophosphamide and rituximab are given together when the disease is very severe.

In people who have very active vasculitis with severe kidney damage, there may be a benefit to a treatment called ‘plasma exchange’, or ‘plasmapheresis’. This removes plasma from the blood, which may contain ANCA and other harmful substances. Plasma exchange may be used for a course lasting a week or two.

Avacopan Vifor is used to treat adults with a gradually worsening disease caused by inflammation of the small blood vessels, called granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA):

• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis mainly affects small blood vessels and tissues in the kidneys, lung, throat, nose and sinuses, but also other organs. Patients develop small lumps

(granulomas) in and around blood vessels, which are formed by tissue damage caused by inflammation.

• Microscopic polyangiitis affects the smaller blood vessels. It often affects the kidneys but may also affect other organs. 

Avacopan Vifor contains the active substance avacopan, which attaches to a specific protein in the body, called complement 5a receptor. Complement 5a receptor has a key role in stimulating inflammation. This medicine attaches to it and prevents it from working, thereby reducing inflammation of blood vessels seen in these diseases. 

Avacopan Vifor can be used together with other treatments prescribed by your doctor.

In some cases, the kidneys are so badly damaged by the time they see a doctors that they cannot recover function. Treatment would then be aimed at treating vasculitis in other parts of the body ( and patients require dialysis initially, which may then eventually be followed by a kidney transplant)

What can I do?

Cocaine-induced vasculitis is recognised around the globe but does not happen to all cocaine-users. If people with vasculitis continue to use cocaine, the vasculitis often won’t improve with treatment, so complete abstinence is vital.

Otherwise, it seems there is nothing you can do in your lifestyle or diet that will stop you getting vasculitis. Similarly, there is little you can do that would prevent you getting a relapse. However, what you do still makes an enormous difference to your health:-

1. Remember to take your medication at the times prescribed. Doctors often change the doses of tablets, so make sure you know exactly what has been advised. If in doubt about the dosage of tablets, phone up and check.
   2. Report possible complications of treatment such as symptoms of infection at an early stage.
   3. Take regular exercise. People with vasculitis lose a lot of muscle strength during illness. Ask for advice about sensible regular exercise.
   4. Eat well. You will probably lose some body weight with vasculitis in its early stages. When you start prednisolone, this may make you hungry, and for some people this results in excess weight gain. Some people with severe kidney disease will have additional dietary restrictions, but for most people with vasculitis, it is important to keep to a healthy balanced diet with lost of fruit and vegetable.  

The medications to suppress your immune system increase the risk of infection, so it is important to protect yourself by having ‘flu and Covid vaccines when you are offered them. You may also qualify for the shingles vaccine, but this needs to be the non-live version as people taking immunosuppression shouldn’t have any live vaccines.

Last reviewed July 2025
Next review July 2028

Reviewed by 

Dr Lisa Willcocks Consultant in Vasculitis and Nephrology Addenbrookes Hospital

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The National Kidney Federation cannot accept responsibility for information provided. The above is for guidance only. Patients are advised to seek further information from their own doctor.