If you would like to discuss your kidney diagnosis with our trained members of staff, ring the free to call number 0800 169 0936.

The NKF Helpline is available Monday to Thursday 08:30am - 5:00pm Friday 08.30am – 12.30pm on 0800 169 09 36 or email [email protected]

Key Points

• Sex life is usually better after a transplant than on dialysis
• For men who have trouble getting erections there are several treatments that can be used, including Viagra
• Women can have babies after a transplant (all women child bearing age must have a pregnancy test prior a transplant)
• Pregnancy can be complicated in transplant patients, but is usually successful
• Pregnancy should be planned,
• Speak to your Doctor: some drugs can potentially cause birth defects (eg mycophenolate: both women and men who have had a transplant need to change medications)

Sex is usually better after a transplant than on dialysis. The high level of waste that is present in the body before a transplant goes down to more normal levels and the body can work much better. However, a good sex life is not guaranteed. There may have been serious problems on dialysis that cannot be reversed. Diabetes, or stress, or side effects of drugs can affect sex drive. The doctors in the transplant clinic will be able to advise on ways in which sex life may be improved after a transplant.

Although sex would not damage the kidney, it may be sensible to refrain from sex for a few weeks immediately after a transplant.

In women, fertility can return very quickly after a transplant, so contraception should be used straight away..

Barrier methods (such as condoms or the diaphragm) are the safest forms of contraception post-transplant.

The Intra-uterine Device (I.U.D.) is not recommended due to an increased risk of infection.

Oral Contraception – a low dose combined oestrogen/progesterone pill may be suggested for use. However, caution must be taken due its link with high blood pressure and thromboembolism.

Viagra

For men who have difficulty getting or maintaining erections, Viagra may be successful and has been used by many transplant patients. However, it may not be safe for some patients with heart problems. If Viagra is not safe to use, there are other treatments to help get erections, which may involve injections into the penis, or squirting a drug into the opening at the end of the penis. 

A specialist on impotence can advise and will also check that there are not other causes of impotence (such as testosterone deficiency) that can be treated.

Pregnancy

Fertility should return to normal after a transplant. This is particularly important for women, because it is very rare to have a successful pregnancy whilst on dialysis.

Many women do not menstruate on dialysis and usually menstruation returns after a transplant, although the periods may be irregular for many months.

It is not recommended that women get pregnant in the first year after a transplant. Pregnancy can cause problems with the levels of anti-rejection drugs and raised blood pressure, so it is better if the transplant has a chance to get well ‘settled in’ before getting pregnant.

A common worry is that the drugs given to prevent rejection and all the other problems of transplantation will cause damage to the baby. Perhaps surprisingly, this is not a major problem. Research has shown that there may be a higher early miscarriage rate in transplant women than in the general population, but that the live babies born to transplant mothers have no higher a risk of abnormalities than those born to ‘normal’ people. An exception to this is mycophenolate, and anyone planning a pregnancy (women or man) who is taking this drug should discuss the options for changing this drug with their transplant unit. Indeed, any woman planning a pregnancy after transplantation should discuss their drugs with the transplant unit. Many units also have a specialist clinic where a kidney specialist and an obstetrician work together, giving the best advice and support during pregnancy.

It is rare for the pregnancy to cause transplant failure, though the blood pressure generally goes up and blood levels of cyclosporin will fall, meaning the dose taken has to be increased. Sometimes the transplant function will be permanently reduced after pregnancy.

The blood pressure often goes quite high at about 34 weeks of pregnancy, resulting in a slightly premature delivery of the baby. However, so long as this is anticipated there are usually no serious problems. This is one of the reasons transplant units usually suggest the delivery takes place in the same hospital as the transplant unit, where there is more experience of transplanted women with pregnancies.

Breast feeding may not be possible after delivery – it depends on the drugs being taken for the transplant. Cyclosporin comes through the body into breast milk, so if the mother is taking this drug, the baby will have to be bottle fed.

Genital cancer

Due to immunosuppression, there is an increase in the incidence of genital cancer(particularly in women). European Best Practice Guidelines recommend that female transplant patients have yearly cervical smear tests. You should contact the nurse at your GP surgery to arrange your appointments. Women are advised to practise breast examination regularly and report any abnormality. 
Men are also advised to practise testicular self-examination regularly and to report any abnormality.

Last reviewed January 2024
Next review January 2027

Reviewed by
Dr. Oluwafemi Efuntoye, Transplant Fellow, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry  &
Prof. Nithya Krishnan, Consultant Transplant Nephrologist, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust and Professor, Centre of Health & Community Care, Coventry University.

Download this Information in PDF

The National Kidney Federation cannot accept responsibility for information provided. The above is for guidance only. Patients are advised to seek further information from their own doctor.

More information about kidney transplants Click here